Critically ill patients with sepsis have a markedly higher prevalence of different viruses than do nonseptic critically ill patients and healthy controls, judging from the findings of a study of more than 800 patients.
These findings provide evidence that the reactivation of latent viruses "is extremely common in patients with prolonged sepsis and is consistent with development of immunosuppression," the authors concluded.
Citation: Walton AH, Muenzer JT, Rasche D, Boomer JS, Sato B, et al. (2014) Reactivation of Multiple Viruses in Patients with Sepsis. PLoS ONE 9(6): e98819. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098819
The data show the rate of viral conversion for septic patients whose blood or plasma initially tested negative for virus and who subsequently became positive during the course of their sepsis. The time is in days after patients met the criteria for a diagnosis of sepsis.
For some of the viruses, the levels detected in septic patients were comparable to the levels in organ transplant recipients, "who are pharmacologically immunosuppressed, providing further support that our findings are indicative of clinically relevant immunosuppression," Dr. Anthony Walton, of the department of anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, and his coauthors wrote. The study was published online June 6 in PLoS One (2014;9:e98819 [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098819]).
In what they said is the first study to evaluate the effect of sepsis on "multiple families of viruses," the investigators addressed whether sepsis progresses from a hyperinflammatory phase early in the course of sepsis to an immunosuppressive state, a "controversial hypothesis" for explaining the course of sepsis, they wrote.
The researchers compared levels of viruses that included cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and the anellovirus TTV in whole blood and plasma of 560 critically ill patients with sepsis and 161 critically ill patients who did not have sepsis, who were not immunocompromised at baseline; and 164 healthy, age-matched controls, who were ambulatory and whose blood sample was obtained before elective surgery. The median age of the patients was 63-64 years; the median APACHE II score was 18 in the septic group and 5 in the critically ill, nonseptic group; and the median length of stay in the ICU was 11 days in the septic group and 2 days in the critically ill, nonseptic group. Mortality was 26% among those with sepsis and 6% among the critically ill, nonseptic group.
Among the investigators’ key findings were these:
• CMV seropositivity was detected in about 70% of the patients in the three groups, indicating they had been infected previously. Among these patients, CMV levels were markedly elevated in 24.2% of the septic patients, compared with 1.1% of the critically ill, nonseptic patients and none of the healthy controls.
• EBV was detected in 53.2% of those who were septic, compared with 12.1% of the critically ill, nonseptic patients and 3.6% of the healthy controls.
• HSV was detected in 14.1% of the septic patients, compared with 1.5% of the critically ill, nonseptic patients and none of the healthy controls.
• HHV-6 was detected in 10.4% of those who were septic, compared with less than 1% of the critically ill, nonseptic patients and 3.3% of the healthy controls.
• TTV was detected in almost 78% of the septic patients, close to 64% if the critically ill, nonseptic patients, and 60.1% of the healthy controls, but levels were lower among the latter two groups.
The authors said that it is "likely that viral detection in the setting of sepsis is not due to primary infection but rather to viral reactivation." Almost 43% of those with sepsis had evidence of at least two viruses, which, combined with the "magnitude of viral loads ... provides strong evidence that host immunity is impaired in sepsis," they added.
Among their other findings was that in the septic patients, the detection rate of the viruses increased for all the viruses with increasing number of days spent in the ICU, and septic patients who had CMV detected in the plasma had significantly higher 90-day mortality than did septic patients with no CMV detected.
Limitations of the study include the fact that it does not address whether the increased prevalence of viral reactivation among the septic patients "is merely a marker of impaired immunity or contributes to sepsis morbidity/mortality," they noted. But the implications of their results include the possibility that tracking the viral load of different viruses in septic patients "may be useful as a biomarker of host immunity in sepsis."
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health. One of the 13 authors is an employee of Biomérieux, a company that is working on a method to monitor levels of different viruses in the blood as an indicator of immune status. No other author disclosures were listed.